Major Conflict in Theogony free essay sample

Significant clashes in the Theogony (Essay) Having perused the Theogony, I can quickly say that Hesiod attempts to depict the comparative associations of three age of divine beings; just as underlining the significant clashes between the matriarchal and man centric frameworks. At the point when we glance through what has appeared first, we experience with Chaos, which shows the intricacy of things for some time. After Chaos, the incredible goddess Gaea, who is the leader of the matriarchal framework (representing richness), becomes animated. She brings forth the universe without the assistance of man, what we call parthenogenesis. This shows her grand force as a god. In the matriarchal framework ladies are viewed as mysterious in light of the fact that they are the main animals that can conceive an offspring. This ability is critical for continuing the pattern of nature. Be that as it may, later, when the matriarchal framework is overthrownâ by the male centric, weâ run into Zeusâ who brings forth Athena from his headâ without a mate. The essentialness of this strange birth is, presently the male has the ability to be the maker and the female force is moved into male astuteness. After Gaea, Tartaros and Eros come to life.Then Gaia and Ouranos ( who used to be her partner) lay together (turns into her sweetheart and spouse) and bear the twelve Titans. The last Titan, which she bears, is Kronos. She later bears the Kyklopes, who have one eye in their brows. Zeus utilizes them against the Titans in the war, which we see later in the sonnet. From the day they are conceived (the second they come out of the belly), Gaea’s youngsters loathe their dad. This is on the grounds that Ouranos has concealed them in Gaea’s belly and has not let them come back to light. Ouranos has done that since he is anxious about the possibility that that one of his children may take his place.We see the contention between the matriarchal and man centric here as the children have a place with Gaea, speaking to the ladylike control. On the off chance that one of the youngsters topples his dad, at that point the matriarchal mastery will happen and subdue the male centric, which isn't useful for the men’s benefits. This occasion drives Gaea so crazy that she searches for an approach to render retribution. Shrewdly, she incites her children and Kronos handles the errand. She gives him a sharp-toothed blade and Kronos hacks off his father’s private parts by utilizing it. The motivation behind why Kronos emasculates his dad is attributable to the way that privates are the organs which are utilized by man to produce.They are the image of man’s richness. By killing them, Kronos leaves his dad feeble andâ debilitated. At that point the grisly drops spreads all around and some of them falls into the ocean. As they are secured by the ocean for quite a while, white froth ascends from them shaping Aphorodite. Aphrodite is framed from ocean because of the way that ocean speaks to the unconcious ( the shrouded part/matriarchal’s constraint by the male centric) as under the ocean is moderately dull. The intensity of the unconcious is exceptionally sexual and this is the reason Aphodite speaks to ‘sexuality’.After Kronos experiences passionate feelings for Rhea, she bears him renowned youngsters, including Zeus. During the birth, when every kid moves from the consecrated belly, Kronos begins to swallow him/her. He does this disregarding Rhea’s constant melancholy since his motivation is to keep some other youngster from quelling his capacity. It’s impressively unexpected in light of the fact that he does likewise (attempt to dispose of his own youngsters) what Ouranos (his dad) has done to him and his kin. This again shows the contention between the matriarchal and man centric frameworks. By gulping every kid, Kronos blocks the mediation of the ladylike power.Hilariously, Kronos doesn’t understand that Zeus is removed by clever Rhea. He believes that he has gulped him. Truth be told he has deceived by Rhea and has gulped a stone rather given by her. In the long run he is vanquished by his own predetermination. At the point when Zeus gets his lightning storm power from his uncles, he turns into the compelling sky divine force of the universe. In any case, a few people like Prometheus are not content with that. He attempts to take Zeus’s force and deceives him. Getting mindful of what’s going on, Zeus rebuffs him and places him into chains. Lamentably, he doesn’t get an exercise out of that.One additional time, he attempts to bamboozle Zeus. This is the last drop, which makes Zeus insane. Therefore, Zeus gives ladies as a discipline for men. It’s another particular guide to the contention. Ladies are viewed as very vindictiveness people as they are the adversaries of the male control and the discipline is appeared to be unforgiving by the humankind. Later a battle happens between the Titans ( the old age, originating from the matriarchal) and the Olympian divine beings ( the new age originating from the male centric). This battle implies that the more seasoned age attempts to get power from the new.More unequivocally, the matriarchal which has been supressed by the male centric, attempts to figure out how to come into the surface and be the authority once more. Be that as it may, toward the end the Titans are vanquished and they go to the Underworld. This shows the matriarchal framework isn't as amazing as it used to be. In any case, Gaea doesn’t surrender by the destruction and bear Typhoeus who is a snake with a hundred hands and he challanges Zeus. Being a snake, he speaks to the associate of the female. He is a danger to the male centric framework. After a troublesome battle, Zeus defeats him and becomes victorious.With this the man centric framework demonstrates that it has the total capacity to control the universe. The matriarchal is overpowered completely. At that point Zeus lays down with Demeter and they together bear the wonderful Persephone, who is snatched by Aidoneus to the Underworld. At the point when she is snatched, Demeter is in awful agony and misery. Anyway Zeus masterminds Persephone’s marriage with Aidoneus without focusing on what Demeter thinks. Persephone’s story is another guide to the contention. The man centric framework wears out the matriarchal by taking what is imperative to them, by causing huge pain.Last of all, Zeus weds with Hera who is related with the Great Goddess. At the point when Hera weds Zeus, she turns out to be less significant on the grounds that she subordinates him. It’s additionally in light of the fact that Zeus has used to be her partner when the universe has used to be managed by the matriarchal framework. In spite of the fact that Zeus sells out Hera all the time with different females, Hera remains explicitly faithful to him. Zeus takes every one of these ladies since he is the dad all things considered and everything. He subordinates the intensity of ladies and they become sub-par compared to him. Hera turns out to be desirous as Zeus keeps on undermining her.Due to her resentment, she bears Hephaistos without the assistance of Zeus. Be that as it may, Hephaistos isn't brilliant here and there becuase he is disabled from his leg. This shows women’s (the matriarchal) power isn't sufficient to hold up under youngsters adequately any longer. Her capacity has been diminishedâ by the men. Seeing Hera testing him, Zeus needs to deliver retribution. He has intercourse with Alkmene and she bears him Herakles. The motivation behind why he gives the name Herakles to him is on the grounds that it remembers the word Hera for it, which makes Hera angry. Indeed, even in the name event, we watch the clash.I’ve attempted to underline how the male centric increases power and turns into the pioneer of the universe. As you see, there are numerous instances of the contention, which is dissipated in each degree of the universe. The matriarchal attempts numerous approaches to block it, yet the entirety of its endeavors are futile. In the event that we take a gander at it from another point of view, it’s likewise in light of the fact that men takes over a large portion of the difficult employments which requires colossal vitality, for example, battling, chasing, exchanging and ladies comes after him (besides in rank) generally captivating with growing up youngsters and doing housework. This progressions the equalizations of the world and the man centric stands apart rather than the matriarchal.

Foreshadowing in Lord of the Flies essays

Anticipating in Lord of the Flies papers Anticipating is a gadget frequently utilized in writing to allude to significant occasions of a bit of composing, or the peak. William Golding wonderfully utilizes this procedure in his novel commonly to catch the peruser's eye, and include profundity. Master of the Flies, his 1954 work about a gathering of young men abandoned on an island, where clamor is ever present, has portending to the bunch of emergencies that happen. This foretelling alludes to how rapidly an ideal world will break down into oppressed world, and the marooned young men losing their guiltlessness. Such occasions incorporate cases of viciousness, demise, and cultural degeneration. From the second they get their direction on the island, the brutality of these young men begins to pop up. Poor people, overlooked Piggy is the first to tolerate the brunt of lack of care, when Jack censures him and strikes him sufficiently hard to break his glasses. In this occasion, Jack is enraged by Piggy's contempt at the fire being let out. Jack is then headed to savagery. He made a stride, and...[struck Piggy down]...and Jack smacked Piggy's head,? (GOLDING 71). Piggy's glasses at that point take off, and break on a stone. Jack shows no regret, and even taunts Piggy. In spite of the fact that Jack is the best case of ethics disentangling, different castaways show a basic truculence that later immerses their whole character. Roger, one of the young men from Jack's ensemble, begins to appreciate provoking the littl?uns. Regardless of being despite everything prevented by the social mores with which he was raised, his cruel side begins to appear, particularly in his dealings with youthful Henry. Roger halted, got a stone, pointed, and tossed it at Henry - tossed it to miss...Roger assembled a bunch of stones and started to toss them? (62). This occasion terribly predicts of Roger's stone tossing in later sections. Maybe the best case of introductory brutality is the fury Jack feels when he neglects to murder the principal pig. Jack sits, sitting tight for a pig,down like a sprinter...his face a couple of inches fr... <!

Hill, Daniel Harvey

Hill, Daniel Harvey Hill, Daniel Harvey, 1821â€"89, Confederate general in the American Civil War, b. York District, S.C. He served in the Mexican War but resigned from the army in 1849. He was professor of mathematics at Washington College (now Washington and Lee Univ.; 1849â€"54) and at Davidson College (1854â€"59) and superintendent of the North Carolina Military Institute (1859â€"61). At the beginning of the Civil War, Hill commanded the 1st North Carolina Regiment and soon became Confederate major general. His division rendered distinguished service at Fair Oaks in the Peninsular campaign , in the Seven Days battles , and at South Mt. in the Antietam campaign (1862). In 1863, Hill commanded the Dist. of North Carolina, defended Richmond when Robert E. Lee was conducting the Gettysburg campaign, and fought under Braxton Bragg at Chickamauga in the Chattanooga campaign. With others of Bragg's subordinates he petitioned Jefferson Davis to remove that general from command, but Davis, favoring Br agg, removed Hill himself. He then had no active command until the last days of the war, when he fought at Bentonville, N.C. After the war he settled in Charlotte, N.C., where he established a monthly magazine and a weekly newspaper. He was president of the Univ. of Arkansas (1877â€"84) and of the Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College (1886â€"89). See D. S. Freeman, Lee's Lieutenants (3 vol., 1942â€"44); biography by L. H. Bridges (1961). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Historical Development Of East Asian Political Tradition

David Zernitsky A11559491 December 15, 2014 Prompt #4 Magnetic Hegemony Going back to the first day, the significance of this course is a traditional political thought in action that is intrinsically interesting that is to say. It is interesting whether true or false and good or bad claims to make about important aspects of human life and politics, but also the balance of proper order and self-cultivation, as well as East Asian traditional political economy, and the way in which law and justice are perceived from the standpoint of human feelings. These are intrinsically interesting ideas and practices that deserved to be taken care of seriously as they are in East Asia today and again whether we accept or reject them for example as†¦show more content†¦Proceeding in this manner, the ruler labors hard and the officials sit idle (De Bary, 304). One way or another, Confucius’ transmission and interpretation of the ancient culture and his practices of education played a major part in shaping and reshaping the ru’ tradition. The process involved in this transformation must be taken into account when we discuss the relationship between Confucius and ru’. Therefore, whatever method one may employ in tracing the origin of Confucianism, one must take into account both the cultural heritage on which Confucius worked and the transformation Confucius made to the ru’ tradition. In this sense it is misleading to simply ‘characterize Confucius and his followers through their role as the time of Confucius, the ru’ had fundamentally changed their social and cultural functions, and therefore, should not be treated in the same way as earlier masters of dance and music. The Dominant strategy is humbly called to be magnetic hegemony, or think of it as the equilibrium strategy, which is the most often used strategy over the long sweep, especially with Chinese, but often more generally east Asian history. The strategy is a creation of international hierarchy through hegemony, which simply means predominant power, more power than anybody else with of course applying that role partly through cultural self-conceit, but also partly because of necessity the way things have been. Institutionally,

Prosocial Behavior And Social Behavior - 959 Words

Prosocial behavior is charitable actions that are proposed to support an individual or group. Such behaviors entails: protecting, uplifting, liberating, and sharing without an expected return. Human culture is produced by rules governing suitable interpersonal behavior. Prosocial behavior is often time mistaken with altruism. Altruism concerns the welfare of an individual or group withholding selfishness. Furthermore, Prosocial behavior is a pattern of action, while, altruism is the drive to aid people solely for their needs oppose to the needs of self. Now, to express why three potential conditions in which diffusion of responsibility might occur, the steps of prosocial behavior and the significance of each step. According to Fiske (2014), diffusion of responsibility refers to the belief that someone else will respond to an occurrence, so one does not feel personal responsibility. One likely condition for diffusion of responsibility; A armed robber drag pregnant woman in a subway, attempting to snatch her purse, many witness this occurrence but are reluctant about responding. Why? One may recognize that action needs to take place but feared what could happen to them. Milgram Hollander (1964), there are rational and irrational fears concerning what could happen if an individual interfere during dangerous events. Two, during a flight a man walks toward the restroom, he trips over a bag in the middle isle and hit his head on the cabinets above the passenger seats. AShow MoreRelatedProsocial Behavior And Human Social Life1469 Words   |  6 PagesTandis Moghadam 1 May 2015 Prosocial Behavior in Great Apes Prosocial behaviors are a huge aspect to human social life; it involves helping, encouraging, and/or sharing information. Sympathy and empathy are the main characteristics for prosocial behaviors. 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The Social Exchange Theory discussesRead MoreProsocial Behavior : Behavior And Altruism1654 Words   |  7 PagesProsocial behavior and altruism are two topics that are being studied within social psy- chology to try to understand the motivation behind humans to help those in need. Researchers have made various theories of why some people are more willing to help humans in need than other people and why people choose to help victims when they do. These theories do a great deal of explaining why exactly prosocial behavior and altruism occur when they do with regard to genetics, culture, and many other factorsRead MoreGender Roles And Their Effects On Prosocial Behavior1465 Words   |  6 Pages Gender Roles and Their Effects on Prosocial Behavior Kathleen N. Webster Salem State University â€Æ' Abstract The present study was designed to examine the effect of gender roles and prosocial behavior. More specifically, the goal was to determine which sex (male or female) would be more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors. Existing gender roles suggest that women are likely to be emotionally expressive, intuitive, and sympathetic, while men are assertive, dominant, and likely to takeRead MoreCorrelation Between Prosocial Behaviors And Prosocial Behavior1491 Words   |  6 PagesCumberland, A., Carlo, G. (1999). Consistency and development of prosocial dispositions: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 70(6), 1360-1372. Purpose and Hypotheses of the Study The study by Eisenberg, Guthrie, Murphy, Shepard, Cumberland, and Carlo (1999) had two purposes. One was to examine the predictive relationship between prosocial behavior that is less likely to be motivated by other-oriented concern and general prosocial behavior and attitudes as well as empathy-related responding acrossRead MoreSocial Psychology Prosocial Behaviour1444 Words   |  6 PagesEssay ‘Using social psychology theories, discuss the situational factors that affect the likelihood that people will engage in prosocial behaviour. What is the evidence for these effects, and how might changes in our society affect the likelihood of people acting prosocially? According to Gross (2010) the term prosocial behaviour is used to describe behaviours carried out by individuals intended to benefit others, such as helping, cooperating, comforting, reassuring, defending, sharing, donatingRead MoreAltruism And Prosocial Behavior Are Linked With Helping Others1334 Words   |  6 PagesAltruism and prosocial behavior are linked with helping others. This can be seen in all aspects of life. 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This type of behavior is commonly displayed in young children sharing their toys with another child because they want too, not because they were told they have too. Prosocial behavior is something most parents want their children to have, so many people have studied where it comes from and how to bring it out in your child. Hyson and Taylor (2011) focused on how early childhood

Describing Language And Language Skills Education Essay Free Essays

Teaching is a multidimensional activity that involves societal, educational, pedagogical, linguistics, personal, and cognitive dimensions. In the last 20 fiveyears, in general instruction the cognitive dimension of instruction has been recognizedas cardinal to successful instruction. The last decennary has witnessed steady growing in thestudy of instructors ‘ knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Describing Language And Language Skills Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research workers have paid more attending to the survey of instructors ‘ belief about instruction, acquisition, scholars, and the impact it has on learning patterns, activities, and larning results ( Tillman, 2000 ; Shavelson, and Stern,1981 ; Burns, 1992 ; Eisenhart et. al. , 1998 ; Fang, 1996 ; Richardson, 1996 ; Kagan,1992 ; Reynold, 1992 ) . Research into instructors ‘ knowledge has non been restricted toone or few specific subjects or content countries. The impact of instructors beliefs on their instruction is being studied across subjects and educational scene every bit diverse as general instruction, mathematics ( Ernest 1989 ; Shuck 1997 ; Karaagac and Threlfall ; Raymond, 1997 ) , second/ foreign linguistic communication acquisition, ( Farrell, and Patricia,2005 ) , reading ( Beach, 1994 ) , and chemical science ( Brisco, 1991 ) . It has been studied in pre-service and in-service contexts, different educational degrees: kindergarten, simple schools, high schools and grownup instruction. During 1980s and the old ages after, research workers investigated a figure of different facets and dimensions of instructors ‘ knowledge. The chief focal point was on analyzing the manner instructors think about their ain work, their mental procedures in planning and transporting out their instructions, the sort of determinations made in the class of instruction, and how these beliefs may alter over clip. Some of the research countries in teachers’cognition include analyzing instructors ‘ knowledge in general and how they construct their constructs and theories of instruction ( Clandinin A ; Connelly, 1988 ; Leinhardt,1990 ) , instructors ‘ apprehension of the instruction procedure ( Peterson A ; Comeaux,1987 ) , instructors ‘ belief about instruction, pupils, instructors, and the acquisition procedure every bit good as their ain efficaciousness in bring oning alteration in their pupils ( Hollingsworth, 1989 ; Kagan A ; Tippins, 1991 ; Tamir, 1991 ) . Another country of research in instructors ‘ belief is analyzing the instructional ideas, actions, and determination devising in the schoolroom ( Fogarty, Wang, A ; Creek, 1983 ; Magliaro A ; Borko, 1986 ) . Changes in teachers’beliefs that occur as a consequence of professional growing and instruction experiences have besides been examined ( Bullough, 1991 ; Calderhead, 1991 ) . Teachers ‘ beliefs are non easy to specify. Nor are they easy to operationalize and analyze. Kagan ( 1992 ) views them as tacitly held premises and perceptual experiences about instruction and acquisition. Pajares ( 1992 ) and Richardson ( 1996 ) view them as personal concepts of instructors that can assist understand their determinations and instruction patterns. The belief system consists of the information, attitudes, values, theories, and premises about instruction, acquisition, scholars, and other facets of instruction. Some of these beliefs are rather general while some are really specific. Harmonizing to Johnson ( 1994 ) instructors ‘ beliefs influence their judgement and perceptual experience, the schoolroom activities they use, and it can lend to the betterment of learning patterns and teacher instruction plans. The belief system is argued to function as a base for the activities and patterns instructors use in the schoolroom. It guides instructors in the class of the patterns they have in the schoolroom. Hampton ( 1994 ) contends that instructors ‘ beliefs can find the manner they approach their instruction. In brief, research findings show that instructors have complex thought and reading of instruction and the context upon which they reflect, decide, and act was a broad and rich mental context ( Elbaz, 1983 ; Clandinin, 1986 ) . There are different ways instructors may develop their beliefs. It can be socially constructed as a consequence of their ain personal experiences and influences of the scenes in which they work. Teachers ‘ beliefs are built up over clip. They are derived from instructors ‘ preparation plans, pre-service plans, and prior acquisition and instruction experiences. Brog ( 2003 ) and Richards, Gallo and Renandya ( 2001 ) argue that instructors ‘ beliefs are derived from their anterior experiences, school patterns, educational theory, reading, their single personalities, and a figure of other beginnings. Eisentein-Ebsworth and Schweers ( 1997 ) see instructors ‘ positions shaped by pupils ‘ wants, syllabus outlooks, and anterior experiences. This cognition may alter over clip as instructors interact with pupils and acquire feedback from them. Following the involvement in general instruction and teacher instruction in teachers’cognition, research workers in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition took the thought and started to analyze linguistic communication instructors ‘ pedagogical beliefs in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition ( Breen,1991 ; Cumming, 1993 ; Freeman A ; Richards ; 1996 ; Johnson, 1994 ; Richards, 1998 ; Richards A ; Nunan, 1990 ; Woods, 1996 ) .Teachers ‘ belief is now viewed as a complex cognitive activity ( Farrell and Patricia, 2005 ; Brog, 2003a, 2003b. ; Mitchel and Hooper, 1992 ; Johnston, and Goettsch, 2000 ) . Research into instructors ‘ knowledge has both provided good penetrations into instructors ‘ knowledge at the same clip raised more inquiries about several issues of instructors ‘ beliefs. A more specific facet of instructors ‘ knowledge in linguistic communication instruction is instructors ‘ beliefs about grammar and different facets of grammar instruction. Some of the inquiries that have non been yet answered include how much clip should be devoted to grammar? What grammatical points should be taught? How should grammatical points be sequenced? What activities are more appropriate for different contexts? Grammar has a contested nature and its instruction and acquisition has seendifferent yearss. Grammar instruction has ever created uncertainnesss and raised complex and challenging pedagogical, lingual and curricular issues. With the outgrowth of a new method or theory grammar becomes the centre of attending and with the death of the theory or pattern it would be wholly abandoned. For times grammar was cardinal to category activities and at times it was overlooked. With such fluctuation it is non hard to conceive of linguistic communication instructors develop different positions on grammar in the procedures of going a instructor. In the late 1980s forsaking of focal point on signifier was advocated by communicative motion. In the last decennary the issue of focal point on signifier has been a hot subject and raised many inquiries and challenges to applied linguists and linguistic communication instructors. There have been a figure of surveies on instructors ‘ beliefs about grammar and grammar instruction. Ng A ; Farrell ( 2003 ) and Yim ( 1993 ) investigated the extent to which instructors ‘ theoretical beliefs influenced their schoolroom grammatical patterns, and found grounds to propose that what instructors say and do in the schoolroom are governed by their beliefs. Farrell ( 1999 ) examined the belief system of pre-service instructors of English grammar in footings of its influence on instruction pattern, and found grounds to propose that these beliefs may be immune to alter. Similarly, Richards, Gallo, and Renandya ( 2001 ) examined the beliefs of a group of in-service class instructors about grammar. The consequences showed that many instructors followed a communicative attack to instruction, while some of the respondents stated that they had house belief in the importance of direct grammar instruction in linguistic communication learning.They besides stated that the ir EFL/ESL pupils asked for grammar instruction. Research into the impact of formal grammar instruction has covered several facets of grammar instruction. These include inductive versus deductive approached to the instruction of grammar ( Shaffer, 1989 ; Dekeyser, 1995 ) , feedback and rectification of mistakes ( Chaudron, 1977 ; Dekeyser, 1993 ) , usage of grammar nomenclature in grammar instruction ( Berman, 1979 ; Garrett, 1986 ) , and impact of grammar pattern on L2 acquisition ( Ellis, 1991 ; Johnson, 1994 ) . In malice of big volume of research in this country consequences are inconclusive and as Borg ( 1999 ) discusses our apprehension of the procedures of grammar instruction as perceived by linguistic communication instructors has still a long manner to travel. How to cite Describing Language And Language Skills Education Essay, Essay examples

Digital transformation free essay sample

Digital transformation, the Nike way marketingmagazine. co. uk I had the honor of sitting in on a presentation by a Marketing Specialist at Suite Partners in Chicago and Account Manager for Nike for the Chicago region. He spoke about Nikes new marketing strategies and it sparked an interest in me to learn more. I found an article titled, Digital transformation, the Nike way, which Id like to tie in with his presentation about Nikes new advertising strategies. The article is about a new book written by the vice-president of digital sport at Nike, Stephan Olander and ounder and chairman of AKQA, AJaz Ahmed, titled Velocity which is The Seven New Laws for a World Gone Digital. Digital transformation, the Nike way was written in May of 2012 by Nicola Clark of marketingmagazine. co. uk who interviewed the two authors of the book and I accessed it via the LexisNexis database. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital transformation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The book is all about how marketers can drive the innovation agenda in the digital age that were currently living in, as Nicola says. This book provides some of Nikes marketing strategies that he mentioned in his presentation and if they arent already, they will e a really important component to almost every companys success. Nike doesnt want to be that company that annoys people by over selling their products and services through obnoxious commercials. I mean how often do people now days actually watch a commercial? If youre anything like me, I DVR everything and fast forward through these obnoxious commercials, same with radio, whenever radio commercials come on l, more often than not, change the station. Those ways of advertising is nearly extinct or as they say in the article that way of doing things has een evaporated, say Olander. Our ways of communicating are different than they were Just 10 years ago and even Just last year. Companies need to adjust to the digital age that we are living in in order to survive and be successful. Nike is interested in attracting consumers through demand-creation. They want to add emotional value to their products and services through their advertising to connect with the consumer on a deeper level and to set them apart from their competition or, as we learned, theyre giving their customer the Why before they give them the What. By doing this, they are trying to attract consumers that that share their values and get them involved in a more active lifestyle. As he says its all about the story and Nike is bringing the story of their consumers to life and with these stories, they are making an emotional connection and they are doing this as, Ahmed mentions, with different social channels. They are connecting with their consumers in up to hundreds of millions of ways through these different social channels. You cant Just run a commercial now. You have to connect with your consumers in ways that are convenient to them and on their terms. They want you to come to them and entertain them, give them something that interests them. One of Nikes biggest connections with their consumers is sharing. Ahmend explains that its not only important, but necessary to have something worth sharing because its all about what everyone else is doing. He says that If someone doesnt want to share it, then it might as well not exist. This is done by utilizing social media such as facebook, Instagram, and interest and most importantly ot all is word ot mouth and g reputation. Mentions on a late night television show, as we saw on TED TV, can make all the difference to a product or service. Trendy hash tags can now take a brand farther than any 30 second commercial on TV or an ad in a magazine. Any company needs to fgure out how they can set themselves apart from your competition and Nike does this through the experiences and the meaningful connections that they provide to their consumers. A company also has to keep that direct connection with their onsumer because, as Olander says, When you give up the direct connection to your consumer, you give up everything because as weve learned, the consumer is the core of everything, they are the boss. A good majority of Nikes consumers are athletes and Olanders final remarks are about how Nike is keeping up with the times through their athlete consumers who inspire new ideas and keep them on their toes with our fast paced society. Olander states that mfou can never grow old when your consumer is young.

Will recently proposed changes to the immigration system assist in successful integration of new immigrants in the UK Essay Example

Will recently proposed changes to the immigration system assist in successful integration of new immigrants in the UK? Essay Immigration has always been a contentious issue in British polity, with public opinion neither completely for it nor against it. The nature and complexion of immigration to the UK has undergone a radical change since the economic integration of European nations and the enacting of common European Union laws. Ever since the New Labour ascended to power under the leadership of Tony Blair, the British government has been confronted with the challenging task of pleasing its indigenous people while not affronting immigrants. This essay will assess the immigration situation in the UK and what can be expected of the recent and proposed policy changes in this area. If we accept the precept that public opinion is a driving force for policy changes, then the outlook for immigrants does not look promising. A survey conducted by Channel4’s Dispatches, in collaboration with YouGov titled ‘The survey for Immigration: The Inconvenient Truth’ has thrown light on some surprising facts. A majority of participants are of the view that immigrants contribute to â€Å"diluting our culture and leading to the breakdown of society†. More importantly, 58 percent of settled migrants are of the view that the United Kingdom is facing a ‘population crises’. Indigenous Britons are more apprehensive about the economic implication of the foreign influx believing that ‘their jobs’ are usurped by the immigrants. More than three fourths of those interviewed want stricter controls for immigration while some even stating that the government should do away with immigration altogether. The rest of the survey is consis tent with this trend and there is public opposition of varying degrees to unfettered immigration into the United Kingdom. It is no surprise then that the New Labour rhetoric over the last few years has undergone a transition. From being leading promoters of ethnic and cultural diversity, the government has turned toward garnering voter support, as its attitude toward some Eastern European members of the EU shows. We will write a custom essay sample on Will recently proposed changes to the immigration system assist in successful integration of new immigrants in the UK? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Will recently proposed changes to the immigration system assist in successful integration of new immigrants in the UK? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Will recently proposed changes to the immigration system assist in successful integration of new immigrants in the UK? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The treatment meted out to immigrants fromBulgariaandRomania, after their accession to the EU, is a case in point. Following these two countries’ accession to the European Union on 1 of January, 2004, â€Å"the Home Office imposed heavy restrictions on the movement of low-skilled workers from these new EU countries into theUK† (Winder, 2004). Contrary to what Margaret Hodge, the MP for Barking, states in public forums, new immigrants in general and from these two nations in particular are assimilating into the â€Å"growing shadow population of illegals in the United Kingdom† (O’Neill, 2007). Homeless Link, a charity that provides for homeless people, has stated in its report that a significant proportion of the 5,000 odd homeless in theUK(who take refuge from the elements in day centres and night shelters) are eastern European emigres. This number has been on an upward trend and given New Labour’s refusal to take strong political positions and implement laws to legitimately accommodate them, the future does look bleak for these immigrants, as the following passage suggests. â€Å"The Home Office’s attempt to limit the flow of immigrants fromRomaniaandBulgariahas given rise to a new layer of second-class Europeans: people who, despite being fellow citizens of the EU, are forced to sneak in to theUK, where their ill-defined status leaves them open to being exploited. In order to ‘manage the flow of new workers’ fromRomaniaandBulgaria, the government severely limited the right of the low-skilled to come here†. (O’Neill, 2007) Some political commentators have pointed out how such differential treatment of emigres has undermined the purported economic consolidation within the European Union and made a â€Å"mockery of the ideal of free movement of labour in a united Europe† (Cohen, 2005). There is also bad news in store for Asylum-seekers, as they are denied housing and other benefits until â€Å"they have been granted leave to remain† (Cohen, 2005). As a result of this restriction, the number of asylum seekers who are accommodated in UK is less than 5,000 in each of the last three years. Studies have also shown that only a small number of immigrants to the UK get accommodated in social housing. Immigrants are almost always disadvantaged against the locals due to an unfair points-based system that the government employs to allocate houses. For example, â€Å"demographically, immigrants who come to the UK to work are likely to be young, single and without dependents–all factors tha t place them firmly in a low-priority group; 82 per cent of accession immigrants registered for work in the UK since May 2004 have been aged between 18 and 34, and 93 per cent stated that they had no dependents† (O’Neill, 2007). As more pressure is put on the New Labour government, now under the stewardship of Gordon Brown, to address the issues pertaining to immigration, a crucial distinction need to be made. Immigrants to the UK can be classified broadly under four categories – highly skilled workers, relatives of citizens, asylum seekers and illegal immigrants. The UK has shortages in skilled professionals in the field of healthcare, business and other services. So the government has devised a quota system to fulfill shortages. Each year the number of work permits issued is adjusted to meet the changing demands. The immigrants of second and third categories, while not contributing to the UK economy, need to be accommodated on grounds of fairness and justice. But the biggest headache to the government has been illegal immigrants. Studies have indicated that there could be as many as 400,000 illegal immigrants infiltrating into theUKevery year. They have been accommodated by the thriving blac k-economy, which exploits their cheap labour. Consequently, the government finds itself in a difficult position. But in spite of its official rhetoric in favour of multiculturalism and social integration, there can be no decisive action on part of the government, for â€Å"the pressures driving modern migration are intense. The last five years of the 20th century saw the most intense movement of people towardsBritainin the nation’s history–nearly a million foreigners came to work inEngland,ScotlandandWales. We are living through a period of intense population turbulence, caused by all the things that fall under the umbrella term ‘globalisation’. New technology, cheap transport, liberal politics, ruthless economics and sudden wars have all sponsored a sharp increase in the number of mobile or displaced people† (Winder, 2004). But not all is doom and gloom for proponents of multiculturalism and social integration, as the successful example of football teams inBritainshow. The football scene of today, certainly at the premier league level, stands out for its cosmopolitanism. The Arsenal football team, whose members come from diverse national, ethnic, racial and cultural backgrounds, epitomizes the value and merit of multiculturalism. The policy makers can take heart from its success and implement a more inclusive approach toward immigrants. The government’s failure to take cue from such examples can lead to undesirable consequences, as â€Å"elsewhere, far away from Highbury, out on the streets of the more impoverished areas of London, in the ghettos of the old Lancashire mill towns, or in the small, introspective towns and villages of Middle England, one has little sense of truly cosmopolitan integration. Rather, one has a sense of people retreating into suspicious, self-contained communitiesâ €  (Cowley, 2004). References: THE BIRMINGHAM POST: A Good Start to Opening Debate on UK Immigration. (2007, November 26). The Birmingham Post (England), p. 9. Cohen, N. (2005, May 20). Let Them All Come: It’s Not a Soft Touch Welfare System That Makes Britain a Magnet for Immigrants; It’s Our Need for Cheap Labour. New Statesman, 131, 22+. Cowley, J. (2004, March 29). ‘This Is Not the Country It Was When Labour Returned to Power in 1997’: What Do We Mean by Multiculturalism? in Britain, It Once Meant Embracing the Diverse Traditions of the Old Empire, but the Wider Migration of Recent Years Has Changed All That. Jason Cowley Explores the Implications and Canvasses the Views of Leading Thinkers. New Statesman, 133, 26+. Favell, A. (2001). Philosophies of Integration: Immigration and the Idea of Citizenship in France and Britain. New York: Palgrave. Four in Five Say Britain Is Facing a Crisis over Immigration; Not This Time: UK-Bound Migrants Are Arrested at Calais. (2008, April 5). The Daily Mail (London, England), p. 12. O’Neill, B. (2007, June 4). How Migrants Really Live: Margaret Hodge Thinks Newcomers to Britain Take Housing Which Should Go to the Indigenous Population. but There Is No Privilege in the Life of Newly Arrived Immigrants. New Statesman, 136, 28+. Winder, R. (2004, July). Labouring the Point: The Past Five Years Have Seen a Flurry of Immigration Activity in the UK, as Nearly a Million People Came to Work Here. Is There Cause for Concern?. Geographical, 76, 40+.

Winning ugly in Kosovo essays

Winning ugly in Kosovo essays NATOs Strategy in Kosovo was an effective means to accomplish their diplomatic and military goals. Their strategy was effective in demonstrating the resolve of NATO and their ability to build and maintain a lasting alliance between NATO and non-NATO members in the region. In all, 19 non-NATO countries are part of the KFOR operation in Kosovo. The strategy used by NATO had four primary strategic goals. First, stop all military action and the immediate ending of violence against the Albanians. Second, withdrawal of Serb military, police and paramilitary forces from Kosovo. Third, the unconditional and safe return of all refugees and displaced persons with unhindered access to them by humanitarian aid organizations. Finally, the establishment of a political framework for Kosovo on the basis of the Rambouillet Accords, in conformity with international law and the Charter of the United Nations (Ugly p.198). In addition to the above stated objectives, it is imperative to maintain sound diplomatic relations between the United States, the UN and Russia throughout the operation. To stop the military actions taken by Serb forces, NATO began a large-scale air campaign. Tactical and strategic strikes yielded immediate and long-term effects on the Serbian war machine. Strikes on tactical targets, such as artillery and field command and control headquarters, had an immediate effect in disrupting attacks and ethnic cleansing efforts of the Serbs. Strikes against strategic infrastructure targets, such as Yugoslav military and police forces headquarters, other government ministries and refineries, had a longer-term and broader impact on the Serb military machine. In three months, the alliance flew just over 38,000 combat sorties, including 10,484 strikes. Serb forces were on the defense and could no longer conduct ethnic cleansing operations or effective attacks on KLA forces. The Serb war industry was degraded by at least 50...

Diversity in Contemporary Feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diversity in Contemporary Feminism - Essay Example The works reflect the priorities and opinions of four feminist authors, revealing some consistent ideas of and goals for the feminist movement, yet also manifesting different perspectives on how feminist ideology can and should be defined and realized. To begin, a recurrent thread in, and indeed the prominent thrust of all four readings, is the need to challenge and undermine the heterosexual value system embedded in our society. In "Lesbian Ethics," Sarah Hoagland succinctly explains heterosexualism as a "way of living" that accepts a balance between men "dominating and de-skilling women" and women "consequently valuing an ethics of dependence" (452). As such, men are always in the role of either protector or predator, thereby creating a self-perpetuating system of men preying on women, the victims, who thus require the protection of men (Hoagland 452-53). And, the woman who bravely attempts to break this vicious pattern by refusing to play the feminine role, such as the active feminist, is perceived as having surrendered her need for protection, thereby subjecting herself to the attacks of her predators (Hoagland 453-54). Such women suffer from a "vocabulary of abuse" (Ruddick 450) and erroneous depictions that not only indict t heir judgment and character (Ruddick 450), but threaten their physical safety as well (Hoagland 453-54). From this heterosexual value system arises a "concept of 'woman'" (Hoagland 456) that these four feminists recognize as an absolute deterrent to their ideas and goals. According to Hoagland, our current perceptions lack an awareness of female power, an understanding of the violence that women as a group suffer, and a sense of female resistance to male domination (457). It is this concept, depicting women as breeding sex objects with male-defined identities and values, that Hoagland seeks to destroy (458-60). Similarly, in "Feminism and the Environment: An Overview of the Issues," Karen J. Warren discusses theories of how the conceptualization of women and nature accounts for the historical domination of both (497). Warren recognizes that certain theorists have espoused the belief that our society perceives that which is associated with emotion, women and nature as inferior to that which is associated with rationality and men (497). Moreover, the tendency to discuss nature in terms that are both female and dominating - "[n]ature is raped, mastered, conquered, controlled, mined," "[v]irgin timber is felled," "[f]ertile soil is tilled," and unproducing land is "barren" - has given rise to an "oppressive conceptual framework" that has effected and perpetuated societal domination of women and nature by men (Warren 497, 501). The relevance of this same, oppressive concept of woman and its impact on the development of feminist theory is recognized and expanded by Bell Hooks in "Black Women: Shaping Feminist Theory." For Hooks, though, the formation of feminist ideology and its definition of "woman," originally dominated and skewed by white feminists who had more access to education, funds, and an audience than did black women, does not reflect the realities of the struggles and oppressions prevalent in society today (487). Indeed, according to Hooks, white women tend to maintain and perpetuate the

Future Direction of Healthcare Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Future Direction of Healthcare - Assignment Example In an instance where the health physician’s quality of work is based on customer experience, there is a likelihood that most physicians will opt to only handle patients who are easier to treat and ignore those with chronic illnesses. Furthermore, there is a likelihood that the doctors may perceive this form of pay to be unfair. This is especially so if the good doctors are underpaid while those who do not do their work so well are paid better (Miller, 2014). Administrators need to come up with a standards measure for quality if they ever expect this initiative to work. If the doctors feel like they are being paid in accordance to their performance, they are likely to work harder and improve customer experience. Currently, there is a heightened shortage in the number of skilled nurses and practitioners in the health sector who can care to individual patients and the overall population as a whole, which can be interpreted to signify that the demand is higher than the supply. Most of the nurses are under skilled and are incapable of meeting the required performance standards which consequently affects patients health care. Employers are faced with the problem of coming up with strategies that will help cub the problem of unskilled workers and ensuring that all the health workers meet the required standards to ensure future survival of the organization. Some of these strategies include up-skilling and multi-skilling employees, employing younger employees, establishing some form of partnership between the organization and the educators and lastly ensuring the participation of mature workers. The employers can come up with strategies to maintain young employees in the organization considering the fact that they are at high demand and not easily available in the market. Mature employees have skills that the younger employees could benefit from hence why the employers should persuade them to

Rituals And Beliefs In Venezuela

Rituals And Beliefs In Venezuela In Venezuela and around the world has had been developed endless medical specialties, psychological, science and technology very rapidly, in the same way and nearly at the same speed, also, has emerged a large number of beliefs, myths, religions that each day rises with a booming effect. In fact, in the XXI century these religions, beliefs and superstitious practices, such as witchcraft, they manifest themselves with a large number of followers and/or curious people that are consulted with the idea that the shaman, medium or wizard help them to solve their problems, whether physical, mental, economic or any other nature. Some people queried for evil or revenge from others who according to them are the responsible to the origin of the conflict, and then there are those still without ever having attended a witchcraft ritual or religion and they are usually followers of Christianity or Catholicism, those people express to believe or to be under the effects of a work of magic and / or sorcery, or have a firm belief that witchcraft is real and something to be fear of. We often hear from these people phrases like I dont believe in witches, but if there are, there are, or with the Saints do not play (referring to Santeria which is a syncretic cult of witchcraft). Santeria: A religion that combines beliefs of the Yoruba and Bantu people of Southern Nigeria, Senegal, and the Guinea coast with elements of Roman Catholicism, with roots in the Caribbean. Donnelly (2005:65) explains how in this century Venezuelans increasingly break with a series of taboos imposed from the Spanish conquest about customs and religion, which opens a new door to the practice of rituals, spiritualism and occultism, being a heritage of ancestors, natives and slaves of the past. This cultural legacy, talking about occultism, rites and religions intermingle to combine religion, magic, occultism, between the sacred and pagan, between the rational and irrational, is to give a deeper meaning to life or tangible and its problems, is to looking for a closer God and not abstract or distant one. (Marin,1986:27). Because many of the religious practices and beliefs are transmitted by oral tradition, such as Santeria, they have not established a clear basis; in fact many of these religions and pseudo religions are characterized by a complex process of syncretism that even today continues. According Gruson (1970:34), the most popular religion is Catholicism, where 80 percent of the population consider themselves Catholic, whether or not they are participants. The faithful believe in God, but he is far from this world, the rites are directed towards the saints, the Virgin and the Souls who are closer to the humans. Religion provides the afflicted people the solution of many problems, including physical and mental health; also it has recreational purposes (dances, parties), psychological (ego gratification, when a person has an important position in the ritual organization), social (cronyism) and medicinal (miracle cures). Popular religions believe in nature spirits and other supernatural entities, ghosts and miraculous goblins, this is considered Catholic and does not cause damage to the basic structure of religion. Private rites are secrets, they are done in time of crisis, performed with a single purpose, but the intention is to alleviate the problem of the client or do evil, while the public rites are rather linked to official Catholicism. A mixture between paganism and sacred characterizes popular Catholicism. The rituals and symbols of Catholicism often have a different meaning for members of the educated classes than lower class or humble peasants. Catholics go to church, but also they practice rites of Santerà ­a at spiritualist centres, at the same time they may visit the graves of folk saints, spiritual healers or get a consultation via Internet. Even in most TV channels is possible to watch programs of cartomancy, tarot, among others, with a considerable rating, over 7%. (IBOPE AGB Venezuela, 2010). For example, baptism is considered a rite that protects the newborn against all evil influences; the cross for example, contains powers to ward off evil spirits. Although the Christianization of the Indians and black slaves during the colonial era, many concepts and oldest religious practices were preserved, which could flourish outside of official Christianity, all this is embedded so strong on this culture, that some medical professionals recommend the use of spell against the evil eye and shingles (sufferings of religious connotation) (Molina,1947:90-110). There is no evidence of serious or reflective studies regarding the present topic, but it is interesting to note that religious and pagan is widespread in this country, rituals of witchcraft, sorcery, popular religiosity and Catholic beliefs has been mixed together; among the most common are Nigerian Santeria or traditional and Cuban santeria (Martin, 1983:74). The practice of psychotherapy in Venezuela is new, there are very few professionals in the country and it is not specifically regulated by any entity, except the Venezuelan Association of Psychotherapist (AVEPSI), located in the capital city Caracas and formed in 2009. The practice of this specialty in Venezuela is highly welcomed by the general public, but a continuous education and feedback from the therapist towards the client and vice versa, in areas such as clinical hypnosis, beliefs in the supernatural, myths and rituals are necessary. The therapist may face a diversity of situations, similar to those faced Carl Jung and referred in his thesis On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena (1902) in which he describes a young woman apparently suffering supernatural attacks. According to the previous explanation, surges a need to do a study that lead to answer the following question: Does beliefs; religious or esoteric practices of Venezuelans influence the psychotherapeutic practice in Venezuela? From the above question arise the following objectives: General objective Describe the influence of religions, beliefs, magic and witchcraft in the practice of psychotherapy in Venezuela SPECIFIC OBJETIVES Identify religious beliefs, magic or witchcraft on patients attending psychotherapeutic consultation. Estimate approximately the practice of religious rituals, magic or witchcraft in clients attending to psychotherapeutic consultation. Recognize the efficiency of Psychotherapy Techniques in the treatment of clients with religious tendencies or witchcraft practitioners. CHAPTER I Theoretical Framework Rites and Beliefs in Venezuela Some scholars take the practice of witchcraft in Venezuela as somewhat folkloric (Cazabone, 2009:89) unlike other countries where some rites have diabolical connotations with animal sacrifices involved. This folkloric aspect is closely linked with the Venezuelan humorous character, who in general do not take very seriously the powers of magic; the just in case, or I dont believe in witches, but if there are, there are, gives a sense of belief in certain aspects in the occult. Branch (in Zalazar et al, 2001:67) concluded that this Venezuelan way of be is a historic stereotype, derivative from miscegenation and the character of the participants on it, highlighting the ingenuity of indigenous, the hard labour of black workers and the conquerors arrogance. These archetypes explains Branch, play an important role to explaining the Venezuelan people characteristics , concluding that the Venezuelan broadly is cheerful and humorous by its black and Spanish heritage, smart for his Spanish and Indian roots, loving and generous the Indian heredity, but by the other hand, the negative side, lazy by the Indian essence, disorganized and wasteful by their black ancestry, disrespectful to the law and violent by the Spanish origin, nevertheless none of these influences have or are backed by scientific evidence, are simply social images that continue to be relevant (Zalazar et al, 2001:89). Moreover, beliefs and magic-religious practices are a privileged means to express realities, conflicts, emotions and hidden feelings, taking place beyond the ability to be rational. Christian (2009:30-45) explains that a great number of people light candles to different deities (Black First, Philip Black, Guaicaipuro, Maria Lionza, etc.) In order they may grant miracles or favours. This use of gadgets is a psychological strategy, Figueroa (2005:82) explains that humans use to control their lives and overcome their limitations in an environment that sometimes exceeds his capacity for understanding and action. Moreover, the use of talismans and / or amulets or just called vulture seed, the aloe plant are used in rituals and cults as a means of protection or lucky charms. Cabazone (2009:97) describes that the leader and ex-president Romulo Betancourt said with an air of certainty that his pipe was put under spell by a witch, and many believed that this was the key to its success. Magic and all its techniques is one of these resources and sometimes this faith on a ritual or belief generates spectacular solutions. Figueroa (2005:89) suggest, that the use of talismans and amulets dates from the ancient times and worldwide great men, politicians, artists, soldiers, athletes, etc., have behaved and carry symbols of good luck, giving high regard to the power of positive suggestion, so have been able to accomplish their purposes. The psychological effect makes believers to have faith on the amulet, rite, or talisman. The role of religion in Venezuelan culture and beliefs As discussed, the cultural background and miscegenation have been influential in Venezuelan culture, even on the whole Latin America despite an apparent secularization. Notably, worldwide, all cultures of the world were shaped by religion, no one ethnic group escapes this process and on the same area, magical religious traditions and customs have influenced significantly in social relationships, community life and moral codes, this faith in supernatural beings is evident not only in Venezuela but throughout the world (Pollak-Eltz, 2004:69). In Venezuela and throughout Latin America, Catholicism, shaped the culture that until recently had absolute monopoly; all social classes were influenced. Today the official and popular religions are expressions of different types of lifestyles, on the one hand, traditional or popular religiosity has curative and magical and is generally practiced by popular sectors and secondly official Roman Catholicism practiced by people in urban areas. In this sense, the proliferation of rites and beliefs and personal interpretations of followers and practitioners and the lack of a defined priestly liturgy make these practices and cults an easy target of charlatans and abusers. Among the most popular cults is that of Maria Lionza, in which the medium is possessed he or she fall in trance (matter) and them the spirit that possesses the person is consulted and this gives advice to the person seeking help. The cult of Maria Lionza is complex and covers all magical and religious beliefs of Venezuelan people and forms a synthesis of magical practices, within a religious context. (Pollak-Eltz, 2004:82). Can be said that this is a syncretic cult with practical solutions through rituals that recognize the values of Christianity, in fact, Maria Lionza is sometimes identified with the Virgin of Coromoto and/or an indigenous spirit. Magic is present on this cult and its techniques are neither good nor bad, but can be used for do good or evil. Wizards pretend to manipulate those forces and claim to possess supernatural and extraordinary powers to communicate with the supernatural world (matter). Pollak-Eltz (2004:83) states that Faith is the cause of miracles. Because these techniques can be learnt, the magician is not responsible for acts performed; he or she is an officer to whom the client pays their services. This magician or medium often has the knowledge to solve problems and cure diseases, and is an excellent psychologist despite his limited formal education. According Pollak-Eltz (2004:106) or pagan religion of witchcraft was faded from the countryside to the cities. This culture is broadly Christian and despite advances in technology and medicine is popular religiosity more alive than ever, and thats because the popular religion is utilitarian, giving spiritual support and serves as a psychological calming in times of personal crisis. Saignes (in Pollak-Eltz 2004:65), states that Historically, whites and slaves used to consult black healers that often had more success than white surgeons in healing the sick. Their knowledge on medicinal plants and magical rites brought a increased the prestige of the African medicine-men. This figure of the magician or sorcerer could be seen as the representation of an idol, which has the privilege to channel and guide the prosperity or misfortune at will of others. This is reflected according to Rojas (2006:30), in the particular character of Venezuelan people when they worship a person or religious figure on which can be trusted and surrender. Popular Religion The misfortunes and influence that the church had in the 19th and 20th has no relevance in how Venezuelans built his ideas about faith and deities. Since colonial times, this unique blend between religion and popular religion came framed on a profound mystery of the supernatural and esoteric (Gackstetter et al, 2010:45). There is a term called The three powers, has nothing to do with the Catholic Trinity. Maria Lionza is symbolized as the Virgin Mary, these represent the three main components of the country identity, in other words, European, African and indigenous. On this court of spirits enters Simon Bolivar (liberator of Venezuela from Spanish rule) Andrà ©s Bello, Negro Felipe (First Black, a black slave who was also murdered by the colonists), Negra Matea (Bolà ­vars nanny), Jose Gregorio Hernandez and other Catholic saints. The cult of Maria Lionza is not a religion guided or hierarchical; the shaman or mediums simply ask questions to the believers about their families, problems, disputes, financial problems, or medical problems. Sometimes people who seek help and have a relative in jail, seek help from Juan Vicente Gomez, those political questions do through Simon Bolivar. Believers generally have a high intensity of spiritual devotion, and made a pilgrimage to Sorte Mountain (near Chivacoa in Yaracuy State) with the belief that the goddess will solve the situation or mishap. Believers choose a corner in the woods or a bend in the river to build an altar from which invoke, this is called portals. Usually is decorated with photographs, figures and figurines, glasses with rum or brandy, cigars, cigarettes cross, flowers and fruits. There are several versions of this legend. One of them says that a green-eye Indian woman called Yara was baptized as Maria del Prado of Talavera de Niva. The Cacique Yaracuy sent her to the mountains where it is said she rode on an ounce (leopardus pardali). So Mary was called the Onza and then Maria Lionza. It is believed that her cult was born of devotion to the forces of nature and the spirits of the rivers, jungles and caves. Maria Lionza is part of a trinity along with Guaicaipuro, an Indian chief murdered by the Spanish colonists, and Negro Felipe. These three saints are the leading figures of the cult and lead several courts of lesser deities. These courts are: The Indian Court led by Marà ­a Lionza and composed of many Venezuelan Indian chiefs. The Medical Court led by Josà © Gregorio Hernà ¡ndez and composed of many other famous doctors. The Court of the Juans made up by a number of figures belonging to Venezuelan folklore. The Teachers Court led by Andrà ©s Bello and some other authors. The Black and African Court, led by popular black figures of Venezuelan history such as La Negra Matea (who was a slave to the Bolivars and nanny of Simà ³n Bolà ­var), and El Negro Primero (Pedro Camejo) who was known as Negro Primero because he was black and also among the first to go into combat. The Celestial Court composed of a number of Catholic saints. The Political Court, which includes Simà ³n Bolà ­var. The Court of Malandros, made up of deceased criminals. The Viking Court, with various of the important Viking chiefs. Maria Lionza has had a great social and cultural significance that transcends their followers. Her cult was unveiled outside Yaracuy to the 50s of last century, when in 1953 during the tenure of General Marcos Pà ©rez Jimà ©nez, the sculptor Alexander Hill (1901-1953) built the famous sculpture of Maria Lionza on a Tapir, (Tapirus terrestris), which has been for over 50 years on the Eastern Freeway in Caracas. On this cult nothing is written, is transmitted orally from generation to generation (cited in http://www.rnw.nl/espanol/video/cultos-populares-venezuela-adoraci%C3%B3n-de-mar%C3%ADa-lionza., 2021). Most relevant Churches and cults in Venezuela Among religious organizations and cults largest in the country are: (source: Directorate of Religious Affairs of the Ministry of Justice in Venezuela,1989). 1. Protestant or Evangelical: After the Diet of Speyer* or Diet of Spires protest in 1529, there was no intention of proselytizing in Latin America, neither to the evangelizing mission. The main interest was focused only on the Reformation, which resulted that Protestantism could not take root in Latin America until the mid-nineteenth century with little success. However, over the years the indicators have changed, even the statistics of late twentieth century are really growing not only in terms of evangelical denominations but also on other spiritualistic denominations. They are grouped into the following: a. Anglicanism. b. Presbyterian Church c. Lutheran Church. d. Baptists. e. New Tribes Mission. *Diet of Speyer or Diet of Spires refers to any of the sessions of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, of which 50 took place between 838 and 1570 in the city of Speyer (Spires), now in Germany. The most famous sessions occurred in 1526 and 1529 (Wikipedia 2011). 2. Confederate Evangelicals: Religious currents coming from the United States and has Christian connotations. 3. The Pentecostals: They represent a rapidly growing movement with unique characteristics. This religious movement is marked by Methodism and the American Baptists. Pentecostals came to Venezuela in 1940, and its founder the Rev. Irvin Olson, an American Baptist who chose Barquisimeto as pilot center to establish the first Assembly of God in Venezuela. Then extend his work to Caracas the capital city and Falcon. 4. Pseudo Christian religion or Millennialists: These religions tend to grow easily. They have in common that their founders made a personal interpretation of the Bible, creating a new dogma around it, which means, to give different meaning to the tradition, followers believe to have the absolute truth (Mangas and Montero, 2001:110). In Venezuela there are three organizations: The Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA), Jehovahs Witnesses and Mormons, the latter without registration within the Directorate of Justice and Religion. a. Seventh-day Adventists Church. b. Jehovahs Witnesses. c. Mormons. 5. Spiritual Centre: Its the Venezuelan significant inclination toward the esoteric, rituals and astral. It is not based on beliefs but on personal needs. This conciliation between the sacred and the profane has its essence in animism and polytheism primitive Strengthened by the African Christian cult with an apparent institutionalism. The Indians embraced the faith of the Catholic Church, but the survival of their beliefs and their closeness to the African slaves produced that Kind of new beliefs. 5.1. The popular indigenous court: This tendency is associated to aboriginal elements. For example, the Indian man thought on the power of natural phenomena, on the stones, lakes, rivers, and the acquisition of that supernatural power conceived by their gods. These beliefs were transmitted to subsequent generations and were fed by transcultural elements including Santeria and Spiritualism. There is no hierarchy that identifies these elements on the contemporary society. What for the Indian was a deity for the healer now is a means of economic livelihood and it is seen as a company with excellent clientele. 5.2. Spiritualists: Along with santeria, this is one of the most advanced forms of mysterious beliefs based mostly on spiritualism of Allan Kardec, French teacher and educator. He is known today as the systematizer of Spiritism for which he laid the foundation with the five books of the Spiritist Codification. It is believed that Spiritism entered to our country under the influence of immigrants from Brazil and Colombia, product of oil fever. There is no hierarchy around which are organized. The chief head leads the worship and is invoking otherworldly beings, becoming the medium and are called to perform miracles, healings, among others of its kind. 5.3. Santeria: This form of religion is more complex than others. There is a mix of indigenous elements with spiritualist elements, African and Christian origining a semi-organized hybrid. This religion takes the structure of an ancient African tribal religion of the coast of Nigeria, and has three priestly orders: the babalaos, the Orishas ministers and priests of a particular deity. African slaves brought this religion and their main centres are in Brazil, Cuba, and Haiti, subsequently gaining followers in Colombia and Venezuela (Gonzalez-Wippler, 1989:45). The Santeria in Venezuela have made an even greater mixture, they have found an equivalence between the African gods with Catholic saints, so, for example, Chango (god of lightning and thunder) has its equivalent on Santa Barbara, Oshun (river goddess) at Nuestra Seà ±ora de la Caridad del Cobre (Our Lady of Charity of Copper) and so on, giving a deity character to popular saints like Jose Gregorio Hernandez, Maria Lionza, Negro Felipe, among many others. To the priests formation a kind of tutor is assigned, who is responsible to teach the apprentice all mysteries and then a new priest is ordained. They prepare their ceremonies at sites near rivers or on a mountain as located at Sorte, Yaracuy. Once ordained, the priest is ready to heal, and to remove evils spirits, that acording to them are the ones who tie the individual. Constants pilgrimages are made from inside the country to Sorte Mountain. There are transport companies that offer their services to the mountain, plus a large number of ordained priests, commonly called doctors or sorcerers, who organize these trips from their centres. It will be noted that trade (merchandising) around these cults is prosperous (consultations, travel, esoteric products, candles, text, perfumes, etc). 5.4. The cult of Maria Lionza: The cult of Maria Lionza comes to represent the formation of a Venezuelan indigenous religion with elements of other cultures, in which prevails the origing of the worship of a deity indigenous enriched with Africans religious culture and spiritualism. 6. Sects 6.1. The Moonies: The name usually are due to its founder Sun Myung Moon, born in North Korea in 1920. The organization has the official name of Association for the Unification of World Christianity (AUCM) and aims to create a society based on the seeding of spiritual values and on the driving of the family towards real peace. 6.2. Scientology: Its founder is the American Lafayette Ron Hubbard (1911-1986), a specialist in 25 professions in which stand out those of the writer of science fiction (65millones of copies sold of the book The Way to Happiness and screenwriter) . The church is considered a company in all aspects. They have a very distinct structure. Its principles are based on the Dianetics which consists of the individual healing itself freeing the enslaved spirit. The procedure to achieve this end is by attending sessions called audition where the individual is subjected to purification by employing a tool called electropsychometer device that detects areas of spiritual distress. This method is progressive. The initiate discards their old beliefs and acquires new rules that he/she must comply according with the amount of promotions obtained. 6.3. Eastern Syncretism: Unlike the animadversion generated in Venezuela during a good part of twentieth century the sects, today are accepted and a significant number of Venezuelans profess parallel and simultaneously in their religion some of these beliefs. It is common to hear things like this: I am a Catholic but I received the tao or I am a Catholic but I like going to the talks of Buddhist metaphysics. All this is due to the openness of the Eastern sects who reconciled Christianity with their religious precepts and the openness of Venezuelan society to allow several beliefs coexist with both. The use of ritual in psychotherapy as a tool for change The use of rituals is an effective tool in some patients on the practice of psychotherapy in Venezuela and is often the only way to convince the patient that his mind can be healed, free from beings, spirits, influences, or spells that threatening the physical and mental health of the person. The ritual was always an issue discussed by anthropologists who have described the customs and rituals of peoples and communities. Its therapeutic efficacy for change has been described by many clinicians in systemic literature (Ochoa de Alda, 1995:89). Notably rituals are not heritage of therapists, but procedures of the peoples, families and cultures. An important point is that, in practice as therapists, it should take into account the importance of these phenomena on individuals and families who participate in these traditions (and any other), and knowing these procedures, that are made spontaneously it may arise new ideas for generating alternatives that can be used on a therapeutic context, in order to try to encourage changes that help to get a more adaptive performance, not symptomatic, of families and individuals who, because of their suffering, come to seek therapy. In addition, and of course, as an element well worked, can provide substantial information, especially relational. In psychotherapy is considered that a ritual includes a set of actions and / or symbolic interactions more or less structured, they are not restricted only to the completion ceremony, but include the entire process of preparation, the implementation experience and reintegration back to everyday life (Rappaport, 1971:12). A ritual must be composed of the following elements: symbols, open and closed parts and the need to be developed in a space and in a special time (Whiting, 1991:56). The symbols or symbolic actions are the minimum element would constitute a ritual. The link to the meaning of the symbol that appears is usually a personal construction, family or social. Besides rituals symbols consist of open parts and closed parts together. The enclosed parts are the parts of unchanging ritual common to all performing the ritual, these parts provide the minimum structure rigid enough to reassure strong emotional components, transmit important values and give concrete form to the shares. Instead open parts provide sufficient flexibility for each of the participants in the ritual hand contribution to personal and idiosyncratic experience. In the rituals with an important cultural root is usually prescribed by tradition the place and time that will be the realization of the ceremony. The symbols or symbolic actions are the minimum element that would constitute a ritual. The link of the symbol regarding to the meaning that appears is usually a personal construction, family or social. Besides symbols, the rituals consist of open parts and closed parts that are joined. The closed parts are the parts of unchanging ritual common to everyone who is performing the ritual, these rigid parts provide the minimum structure enough to bring security against strong emotional components, transmit important values and give concrete form to the actions. Instead open parts provide sufficient flexibility for each of the participants in the ritual and the possibility that each one can make his/her contribution according their personal and idiosyncratic experience. The rituals, which have an important cultural root, are usually performed following the tradition, on the place and time specific to the achievement of the ceremony. Type of rituals Rites of passage or transition rituals: described in 1909 by A. Van Gennep. These rituals are performed in the transitions experienced by individuals and groups throughout the life cycle, marking the end of a stage of development and the beginning of a new one. Van Gennep after studying various cultures argues the universality of such rituals. Continuation: rites of intensification. Unlike the transition rituals that are usually performed only once in life of every individual, continuity rituals are executed repeatedly, their purpose is to set the pace of life and maintain continuity, normality within each stage of life cycle. Healing rituals: This would include the rituals performed to cure, heal and keep out certain diseases. Therapeutic Rituals: This includes rituals developed by therapists and used in psychotherapeutic practice, nevertheless psychotherapy may be considered in some cases as a ritual. Haley (1973) considered the treatment that is carried out to treat certain problems and that arise in adolescence (psychosis, behavioural disorders, anorexia) is like an initiation ritual, through which it promotes individuality and necessary emancipation required from the young, as a way to restore him or her to a normal life cycle. Functions of rituals: Ochoa De Alda (1995:56) explains that the main functions that meet the rituals described in the life of societies, peoples, families and individuals are: Rituals make life predictable, providing a sense of belonging to the group that affects the sense of identity of individuals that form it. Rituals, does order and regulate the social functioning, confirming the social structure, while promoting an evolution in this with minimal conflicts. Another primary function is the transmission of culture, values and lasting norms. By one hand, it does create a sense of solidarity, cohesion and continuity in groups, and on the other hand, contribute significantly to the creation of the belief systems of a group (Van der Hart, Voogt and Witzum, 1989:56). The traditional rituals not only channelled social coordination between individuals, families, communities and villages in the here and now, but also between the past, present and future represented by the different generations (Davis, 1987:67). The rituals of transition, allow passing from one stage to other on the life cycle. Its first element of action does that roles, relationships, and world standards are modified during their execution (Davis, 1987:78). Admitting that any transition is to a greater or lesser extent an imbalance, ritual ceremonies

Dbq for Apush

In the early nineteenth century the United States began to split, but as mid-century came around, people became more polarized in their views and the union started to separate drastically. During the period of 1850, until 1861 when the Confederate States of America was formed, the union was clearly divided between the North and South. Although the Constitution was not the only factor leading to sectional tension in America, there are many strong points in the North and South favoring the statement, â€Å"By the 1850’s the Constitution, originally framed as an instrument of national unity, had become a source of sectional discord and tension and ultimately contributed to the failure of the union it had created. † Northerners, during mid-century America believed in the preservation of the undissolvable Union. When the Constitution was framed in 1787, the founding fathers were concerned about leaving Britain and becoming a Union, as opposed to the issue of slavery that would later prevail. Henry Clay created the Compromise of 1850, which helped solve the problem of slavery in the territories (Document A). This was not included in the Constitut . . . When the Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional under the Dred Scott decision, the due process clause, for the first time, was interpreted to state that people could not be denied their property, displaying that Calhoun was right all along. It is evident that although the Constitution is the supreme law of the land, many Northerners depicted its flaws. An anonymous Georgian, although somewhat contradictory, explained, â€Å"Two Constitutional provisions are necessary to secure Southern rights upon this important question,–the recognition of slavery where the people choose it and the remedy for fugitive slave† (Document B). Sectional difficulties that lead to the break up of the Union can be traced to flaws in the Constitution, although there are other factors as well. In events such as John Brown’s Raid, the North solemnly respected Brown, holding commemoration services in his memorial. This shows that the founding fathers thought well ahead of their time and created a Constitution that included answers to many questions, although, in general, this document eventually contributed to the collapse of the Union. President Jefferson Davis of the Confederate States of America, believing that states were sovereign over the Union, stated, The separate and independent sovereignty of each State was merged into one common government and nation† (Document H). The Constitution includes the three-fifths clause, along with and end to the African slave trade. After the fugitive slave law was enacted, many personal liberty laws were created in the North and colored people were notified, â€Å"You are hereby respectfully CAUTIONED and advised, to avoid conversing with Watchmen and Police Officers of Boston† (Document C). Just as Northerners saw flaws in the Constitution, Southerners viewed it not to be perfect as well. President James Buchanan, a northern man with southern sympathies clarified, â€Å"As sovereign states, they and they alone, are responsible before God and the world for the slavery existing among them† (Document G). Regarding the Fugitive Slave Law, a Bostonian Transcendentalist, Ralph Waldo Emerson stated, â€Å"As soon as the Constitution ordains an immoral law, it ordains disunion†¦The Union is at an end as soon as an immoral law is enacted† (Document D). The constitutionality of the protective tariff was questioned during the panic of 1857, which Northerners blamed on the South. Yet another Bostonian, William Lloyd Garrison, an abolitionist reformer exclaimed, â€Å"The Constitution which subjects them [slaves] to hopeless bondage is one that we cannot swear to support† (Document E). Although the Constitution is clearly flawed because extremist on both sides had problems with it, this document, which is the supreme law of the land, does have positive aspects. ————————————————- By the 1850’s the Constitution, originally framed as an instrument of national unity, had become a source of sectional discord and tension and ultimately contributed to the failure of the union it has created. This was shown by ambivalent interpretations of the constitution and other important documents when assorted together. It is known that the union did not last, for there was the Civil War. If everyone could agree on what the constitution implied, then there probably would not have been a civil war. From several of the documents, there are arguments about what the constitution states. (Document E), â€Å"To the Argument, that the word ‘slaves’ and ‘slavery’ are not to be found in The Constitution, and therefore it was never intended to give any protection or countenance to the slave system, it s sufficient to reply, that no such words are continued in the instrument, other words were used, intelligently and specifically, to meet the necessities of slavery. † This indicates that the constitution CAN be interpreted differently, and when used with other pertinent documents, can be incongruous. Those views that differentiated were of those in the North and South. The Constitution can be interpreted in many different ways, which leads to sectional discord and tension. For many reasons, the South evidently did not like what the constitution said. There were many conflictions with the compromise of 1850, map shown in (Document A) and the fugitive slave act. Certain northerners were so against slavery and the fugitive slave act that they even posted warnings for the slaves. (Document C), [shows how kidnappers were being sent after the slaves, and how Northern abolitionists were revolting against the South’s rules and regulations. ] This fugitive slave act also helped drive the tension deeper into the Un-United States. With drama now rumbling in the American underbellies, the small weight of anything slightly bad could set off a secession bomb. A freesoiler does not want to spread slavery, but he is okay with keeping it in a state it is already in. When the idea of popular sovereignty came about with the compromise of 1850, map shown in (Document A), those freesoilers in office were pushed harder into complex decisions over the popular sovereignty issue. (Document F) â€Å"FORCING SLAVERY DOWN THE THROAT OF A FREESOILER,† illustrates this in a very blatant text and disturbing political cartoon. All of the tension gathering, even authors were predestining the Civil War. Ralph Waldo Emerson believed that the Constitution, (when assorted with others like the fugitive slave law or the compromise of 1850) were contradictory, and that they aid to the now inevitable seeming end of the union. (Document D) â€Å"What kind of legislation is this? What kind of constitution which covers? †¦ I suppose the union can be left to take care of itself†¦. But one thing appears certain to me, that , as soon as the constitution ordains an immoral law, it ordains disunion. The law is suicidal, and cannot be obeyed. The union is at an end as soon as an immoral law is enacted. And he who writes a crime into the statute-book digs under the foundations of the capitol to plant there a powder-magazine, and lays a train† This proves that By the 1850’s the Constitution, originally framed as an instrument of national unity, had become a source of sectional discord and tension and ultimately contributed to the failure of the union it has created. This was shown by ambivalent interpretations of the constitution and other important documents when assorted together

Prominent Leader

A Prominent National Leader Of My Country As an initiator of sweeping reforms, Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad stands head and shoulders above his predecessors. The winds of change brought about by this tough leader have touched every aspect of Malaysian life, economic, social, political and cultural. Born in Alor Star on 20th December 1925, Dr Mahathir received is early education in Maktab Sultan Abdul Hamid. After completing his secondary education, he took up medicine at the King Edward VII College of Medicine in the University of Singapore and graduated with an MBBS degree in medicine.Even in his student days, Dr Mahathir was an active UMNO member. In 1964, he became the Member of Parliament for Alor Star and this marked his entry into the political arena. He held a member of portfolios before becoming the Prime Minister. Among them were his appointment as the Minister of Education and as the Minister of Trade and Industry. After a short period as the Deputy Prime Minister, he finally to ok over the reins of the government on 16th July 1981. During his contract as the premier, the country has undergone a complete transformation.Upon taking office as Prime Minister, he restored the whole political machinery to make it more dynamic and effective. The most notable achievement in the political arena is the corporatization of government agencies to cut the government’s operation costs and to generate more revenue. Among the many policies he has introduced is the Look East Policy, where Malaysian were urged to emulate the work ethics of the success oriented Japanese and Koreans. A realistic leader, Dr Mahathir imagined that Malaysia could attain the status of a developed nation only if there was a switch from the agriculture-based economy to an industrial one.In 1991, he announced his most ambitious vision, the Vision 2020 as a roadmap to a fully developed country. The Mahathir era is marked with numerous notable achievements. The introduction of the countryâ€℠¢s first national car, the Proton Saga followed by the Perodua Kancil; the building of a new airport in Sepang, reputedly the largest in the Asia Pacific region; the building of the Formula One racing circuit and the building of the Petronas Twin Towers the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004 until surpassed by Taipei 101, but remain the tallest twin buildings in the world. are al feather in his cap of success. In 1999, the government moved to the new administrative capital, Putrajaya. In the international arena too, Dr Mahathir has left his mark. Open and outspoken by nature, his strong attack on the imcompetence and inaction of world bodies have won him both international praise as well as criticism. Tun Dr. Mahathir stepped down as Prime Minister on 31 October, 2003. Dr. Mahathir has done the nation proud and there is no doubt that he will go down in the annals of Malaysian history as the Father of Modernization.

The Ancient Toltec Trade and Economy

The Toltec Civilization dominated central Mexico from about 900 - 1150 A.D. from their home city of Tollan (Tula). The Toltecs were mighty warriors who spread the cult of their greatest god, Quetzalcoatl, to the far corners of Mesoamerica. Evidence at Tula suggests that the Toltecs had a trade network and received goods from as far away as the Pacific coast and Central America, either through trade or tribute. The Toltecs and the Postclassic Period The Toltecs were not the first Mesoamerican civilization to have a trade network. The Maya were dedicated merchants whose trade routes reached far from their Yucatan homeland, and even the ancient Olmec - the mother culture of all of Mesoamerica - traded with their neighbors. The mighty Teotihuacan culture, which was pre-eminent in central Mexico from about 200-750 A.D., had an extensive trade network. By the time the Toltec culture reached prominence, military conquest and subjugation of vassal states were on the rise at the expense of trade, but even wars and conquest stimulated cultural exchanges. Tula as a Center of Trade It is difficult to make observations about the ancient Toltec city of Tollan (Tula) because the city was extensively looted, first by the Mexica (Aztecs) before the arrival of the Europeans, and then by the Spanish. Proof of extensive trade networks may have therefore been carried off long ago. For example, although ​jade was one of the most important trade materials in ancient Mesoamerica, only one jade piece has been found at Tula. Nevertheless, archaeologist Richard Diehl has identified pottery from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Campeche and Guatemala at Tula, and found potsherds traced to the Veracruz region. Shells from the Atlantic and Pacific have also been excavated at Tula. Surprisingly, the Fine Orange pottery associated with the contemporary Totonac culture has not been found at Tula. Quetzalcoatl, God of Merchants As the major deity of the Toltecs, Quetzalcoatl wore many hats. In his aspect of Quetzalcoatl - Ehà ©catl, he was the god of wind, and as Quetzalcoatl - Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli he was the bellicose God of the Morning Star. The Aztecs venerated Quetzalcoatl as (among other things) the god of merchants: the post-conquest Ramirez Codex mentions a feast dedicated to the god by traders. The principal Aztec god of trade, Yacatechutli, has been traced to earlier roots as a manifestation of either Tezcatlipoca or Quetzalcoatl, both of whom were worshiped at Tula. Given the Toltecs fanatical devotion to Quetzalcoatl and that gods later association with the merchant class by the Aztecs (who themselves regarded the Toltecs as the apogee of civilization), it is not unreasonable to surmise that trade played an important role in Toltec society. Trade and Tribute The historical record seems to suggest that Tula did not produce much in the way of trade goods. A great deal of utilitarian Mazapan-style pottery has been found there, suggesting that Tula was, or was not far from, a place that produced it. They also produced stoneware bowls, cotton textiles, and items fashioned from obsidian, such as blades. Bernardino de Sahagà ºn, a colonial era chronicler, claimed that the people of Tollan were skilled metalworkers, but no metal not of later Aztec origin has been found at Tula. It is possible that the Toltecs dealt in more perishable items like food, cloth or woven reeds which would have deteriorated with time. The Toltec did have significant agriculture and possibly exported part of their crops. In addition, they had access to a rare green obsidian found near present-day Pachuca. There is the possibility that the warlike Toltecs produced relatively little themselves, instead relying on conquered vassal states to send them goods as tribute. Tula and the Gulf Coast Traders Toltec scholar Nigel Davies believed that during the Postclassic era trade was dominated by the different cultures of Mexicos Gulf Coast, where mighty civilizations had risen and fallen since the days of the ancient Olmec. During Teotihuacà ¡ns age of dominance, shortly before the rise of the Toltecs, the gulf coast cultures had been an important force in Mesoamerican commerce, and Davies believes that the combination of Tulas location in the center of Mexico, their low production of trade goods, and their reliance on tribute over commerce placed the Toltecs at the fringes of Mesoamerican trade at the time (Davies, 284). Sources: Charles River Editors. The History and Culture of the Toltec. Lexington: Charles River Editors, 2014. Cobean, Robert H., Elizabeth Jimà ©nez Garcà ­a and Alba Guadalupe Mastache. Tula. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2012. Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008 Davies, Nigel. The Toltecs: Until the Fall of Tula. Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.